We are helping artificial intelligence benefit society. Artificial intelligence has huge potential to benefit society, driving faster progress in areas from crime detection to prevention.
This year, we are proud to continue our efforts to support AI-driven progress and address critical challenges such as sustainability. We work with leading nonprofits and major corporations to examine how artificial intelligence can be used to benefit society and create applications that make a lasting impact.
For example, we helped model the economic benefits of women joining the workforce in emerging markets.
We simulated the impact of tree planting on the carbon footprint. See case study below
This shows how we deploy artificial intelligence to help our customers develop energy, improve decentralized detection and more.
Managing the impact of artificial intelligence
Like many powerful technologies, artificial intelligence must be managed responsibly to ensure it has a positive impact on society. American companies helped pioneer the concept of responsible artificial intelligence and developed a framework for its ethical use. We publish our perspectives on how business leaders can safely manage the risks posed by artificial intelligence. We continue to develop innovative tools to help clients manage AI risks, such as our US-based proprietary analyzer
Help prevent, identify and fix bias in artificial intelligence models. In addition, we also support
Renewable energy can help meet the energy needs of artificial intelligence in an environmentally responsible way.
We believe that the overall impact of artificial intelligence on employment will open up huge possibilities for people to create value in new ways. That’s why this year we’re talking about how artificial intelligence can complement workers and increase the need for human skills.
Results from our 2023 Global Workforce Hopes and Fears Survey show workers are optimistic about the impact of artificial intelligence on employment. Only 13% of employees believe artificial intelligence will replace their role. In fact, 52% of employees expect AI to have at least one positive impact on their jobs, from helping them be more productive to helping them develop new skills.
Welcome
Thank you for taking a moment to read this report. This is the world’s first comprehensive study on the status of the global cryptocurrency on-ramp market.
We are committed to building a world where anyone, anywhere can buy any cryptocurrency.
However, as you will see in this report, current on-ramps are still a long way from achieving this goal.
We built a turnkey solution that allows businesses to consolidate all major fiat entry points into one easy-to-implement widget and API.
As a KYC compliant fiat-crypto onramp aggregator, we are able to report on industry dynamics from a bird’s eye view and neutral perspective.
The report enables token (service) providers to gain insights into market conditions and helps them improve onboarding success rates across the crypto industry.
Ultimately, we are all pursuing the same thing: providing a frictionless fiat-to-crypto onramp experience for anyone, anywhere.
This year, we are proud to continue our efforts to support AI-driven progress and address critical challenges such as sustainability. We work with leading nonprofits and major corporations to examine how artificial intelligence can be used to benefit society and create applications that make a lasting impact.
For example, we helped model the economic benefits of women joining the workforce in emerging markets.
We simulated the impact of tree planting on the carbon footprint. See case study below
This shows how we deploy artificial intelligence to help our customers develop energy, improve decentralized detection and more.
Managing the impact of artificial intelligence
Like many powerful technologies, artificial intelligence must be managed responsibly to ensure it has a positive impact on society. American companies helped pioneer the concept of responsible artificial intelligence and developed a framework for its ethical use. We publish our perspectives on how business leaders can safely manage the risks posed by artificial intelligence. We continue to develop innovative tools to help clients manage AI risks, such as our US-based proprietary analyzer
Help prevent, identify and fix bias in artificial intelligence models. In addition, we also support
Renewable energy can help meet the energy needs of artificial intelligence in an environmentally responsible way.
We believe that the overall impact of artificial intelligence on employment will open up huge possibilities for people to create value in new ways. That’s why this year we’re talking about how artificial intelligence can complement workers and increase the need for human skills.
Results from our 2023 Global Workforce Hopes and Fears Survey show workers are optimistic about the impact of artificial intelligence on employment. Only 13% of employees believe artificial intelligence will replace their role. In fact, 52% of employees expect AI to have at least one positive impact on their jobs, from helping them be more productive to helping them develop new skills.
Welcome
Thank you for taking a moment to read this report. This is the world’s first comprehensive study on the status of the global cryptocurrency on-ramp market.
We are committed to building a world where anyone, anywhere can buy any cryptocurrency.
However, as you will see in this report, current on-ramps are still a long way from achieving this goal.
We built a turnkey solution that allows businesses to consolidate all major fiat entry points into one easy-to-implement widget and API.
As a KYC compliant fiat-crypto onramp aggregator, we are able to report on industry dynamics from a bird’s eye view and neutral perspective.
The report enables token (service) providers to gain insights into market conditions and helps them improve onboarding success rates across the crypto industry.
Ultimately, we are all pursuing the same thing: providing a frictionless fiat-to-crypto onramp experience for anyone, anywhere.
Fiat-to-crypto on-ramps are critical to achieving mass adoption of cryptocurrencies and the wider web3 industry.
However, our proprietary data analysis shows that 50% of users currently trying to purchase cryptocurrencies are still experiencing failed transactions.
The performance of individual portals varies significantly depending on a range of factors, such as location, trading pair, payment method, transaction amount, and/or the specific cryptocurrency portal used.
To achieve an optimal global onboarding process, token (service) providers must do two things:
1. Provide the widest possible aggregation entrance in a single interface
2. Dynamically route transactions to provide each user with the best choice for their specific situation.
We are solving this problem by aggregating on-ramps and building intelligence to ensure the right on-ramp is used for the right transaction.
However, our proprietary data analysis shows that 50% of users currently trying to purchase cryptocurrencies are still experiencing failed transactions.
The performance of individual portals varies significantly depending on a range of factors, such as location, trading pair, payment method, transaction amount, and/or the specific cryptocurrency portal used.
To achieve an optimal global onboarding process, token (service) providers must do two things:
1. Provide the widest possible aggregation entrance in a single interface
2. Dynamically route transactions to provide each user with the best choice for their specific situation.
We are solving this problem by aggregating on-ramps and building intelligence to ensure the right on-ramp is used for the right transaction.
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1. Promptchan.ai Gems***** Free Plan - Earn around 30 gems per shared link. Tip Artificial Intelligence is the most advanced anime image generator. Promptchan is free and completely uncensored, making your wildest fantasies come true. Create anime/hentai and fantasy images. Explore over 30,000 porn images created by the community. Just click the Clone button on your favorite image to copy all its settings and make changes - AI creation has never been easier. Upload any image and make sexy changes with powerful new editing tools. Want to take off your clothes? It's as easy as selecting a box. Main features: Explore over 30,000 images from the community Choose from anime/hentai, realistic and fantasy art styles Clone images and tips made by others Upload your own images and edit them Easily position your AI waifu using pose templates Pricing: Starting at: Create Free Today Premium Plan: Starting at $5.99 2. Sexy AI is free in price! Pro membership costs $10 per month
sexyAI is a lightning-fast artificial intelligence art generator capable of producing high-quality images, including NSFW content. Besides the high-quality output and fast build speed, the best thing about it is that it's free! It has a clean and user-friendly interface that allows anyone to easily and successfully produce the image results they want. sexyAI also offers the world’s first NSFW AI video generator along with several other advanced features such as priority queues, image changes, and batch imaging available to subscribing members. To generate, just enter the prompt and click the Generate button. There is also an option to enter a negative tip to remove unwanted content from the image. The online tool offers 10 different models (listed below) to choose from, including cutting-edge models such as SDXL. Each model allows you to create extremely vivid and clear images of all different types. Reality/Erotic/Realistic/Art/Practical/Hentai/Anime/Gay V2/Furry/Re-Liberation/Vision of Reality/Dream Shaper/Hot Girl Experimenting with different outputs for each model will help you generate any type of NSFW image you want. sexyAI is very capable of generating all image types, including hentai, anime, furry, and sci-fi/fantasy. The web app also has a vibrant and rapidly growing Discord community with over 10,000 members since its launch in March 2023. The members are very helpful in motivating and creating educational topics. sexyAI launched in March 2023 and has generated over 500 million images to date! Price is free! Pro membership costs $10 per month 3. Soul Generation Artificial Intelligence Price Limited free trial of AI generated animation images.
SoulGen AI is an online AI anime art generator that specializes in generating realistic NSFW anime images. It offers options to create AI anime characters, edit generated images, and extend photos. Just enter a text prompt and the AI anime girl can be easily generated in a few seconds. Additionally, you can customize the look of your imaginary hentai girl on the AI image generator. Enter what you need and the AI will work its magic on hair color, clothing, posture, and more. Additionally, SoulGen AI supports image editing and expansion. So, not only can you let AI draw brush parts on your anime pictures, but you can also add new elements based on uploaded images. With the SoulGen AI Art Anime Generator, you can bring your descriptions to life with stunning and complex anime character designs. Key features of SoulGen AI:AI generates animation images based on text prompts Anime and real girl style options Reference tags for customizing character appearance Celebrity Lookalike Choices for Reality Girl Generation Built-in image editor that can be used to change objects AI image expander generates new elements Price Limited free trial of AI-generated anime images. $9.99 per month or $69.99 per month for $12. Get 70% off your first subscription. 4. Get AI Pricing: Free trial option.
Artificial Intelligence is another anime AI art generator that is growing in popularity mainly because it is trained on multiple models. Therefore, it is able to generate AI art and AI anime characters based on your prompts. One of the unique features of Getimg.AI is that it has ControlNet functionality capable of generating image-to-image. It is able to enhance the entire layout while retaining the main properties of the original image. Key Features Getimg.AI members include: Powered by state-of-the-art GAN technology. Various customization options. Fast and free anime avatar generation. Pricing: Free trial option. But it comes with a $12 monthly subscription fee after the credits expire. 5.Cartoonize With Cartoonize you can turn your photos into cartoons with one click.
With its toolset, you can turn your photos into truly unique art. In fact, you can transform your images using Cartoonizer, Sketch, and hundreds of other professional filters and effects. With Cartoonizer, you can also remove backgrounds, crop and resize images, and adjust or replace colors to beautify your photos. Here are some of its most important benefits: Extensive high-resolution stock photography library High-quality vector graphics and diverse icon sets AI Cartoonist turns your photos into works of art Pricing: Free option with limited features. Subscriptions start at $4.99 per month. 6. Fotor Fotor is an artificial intelligence image generator
Helps you edit photos using free online photo editing tools. Using its free version, one can crop photos, resize images, and add text, effects, or filters to selected photos. Whether you want to create a design or search for a collage of projects, you can do it with Fotor. Fotor's easy-to-use interface lets you search for anything online, including anime characters. Using this tool, you will have access to classic anime characters that you have never seen before. If desired, you can also remove the background of any image, or enhance it to make it vivid and clear. Main features: Lets you remove objects from any image while adding stunning effects to your chosen photos. Supports cropping, resizing and enhancing photos to make them look brighter. Create stunning photo collages instantly with Fotor’s collage maker. Supports using the text-to-image function to generate brand-new images completely based on your imagination. Plan fees: This fictional image generator tool works on credits and you will get 5 free credits after signing up using your email ID. The software also allows you to generate images using five previously earned credits. Once your free credit expires, you'll need to purchase credit as needed. The plans offered by Fotor are as follows – Monthly: 200 credits $9.99, 500 credits $19.99, 1000 credits $35.99, 2000 credits $59.99 Per year: 200 credits $2.99, 500 credits $5.99, 1000 credits $10.83, 2000 credits $17.99 7. Canvas Pro Canvas Pro is the paid version of the widely used Canva web app.
is an all-in-one application that allows you to generate anime characters that look very original and real. Working on Canva Pro is very easy as it allows to add text individually, change the background, fill different elements and much more. You don’t need to worry about the technical details of the AI algorithm because all the work will be done in the background. Just use this tool and you'll be amazed at what it can do for you. Here are the standout features of Canva Pro: Create custom animated art from your photos. Free and paid versions available. Pricing: It offers free and paid versions starting from $49 per month. |
In order to unlock the potential of cryptocurrencies and web3, we must first ensure that users can buy and sell cryptocurrencies as easily as they can buy and sell other assets. As an alternative currency system, cryptocurrency's learning curve can be overwhelming, and onramps (also known as fiat/crypto onramps or rails) help both new and experienced users easily move in and out of the coins of their choice . Our proprietary data analysis shows that more than 50% of cryptocurrency payments currently fail to be approved, while abandonment rates in the purchase process are as high as 90%. This is simply unacceptable. We can solve this problem by aggregating on-ramps and building intelligence to ensure the right on-ramp is used for the right transaction. For us, a frictionless onboarding experience is the first step in unlocking the potential of cryptocurrency and the Web3 space for the masses.
How will adoption by artists and businesses and enforcement of new laws and regulations shape a market estimated to be worth billions of dollars?
source 1.Forbes2.Discord3.OpenAI4. Google Trends5.Google Play6. Wanbo7.SimilarWeb8. Kate Wass Gallery9.Slate10. Digital trends 11. NBC News12. Pittsburgh Law Review13.NextMSC14. BBC News15.Interactive news16. Reuters17. Box Mining18.Photography 19.TechCrunch20.YouGov21. Yale Daily News22. Didio23. BBC News24.YouGov25. Japan Art Workers Association26. Mix and match 27. Collider28. MIT Technology Review29. Art Network30. Leon31. Books and artists32.Photography |
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.SDKs, smart contracts, tools and infrastructure in various languages for web3 development.All text messages///Please refer to the official public documents ///Please evaluate carefully///This website platform is not directly involved///Only for learning new knowledge about web3 process development72 kinds of virtual currency exchange-Blockchain virtual currency exchange discussion area-ThreeWeb can create substitutes, the focus is on token functions and adding liquidity thirdweb blockchain | Currencies, exchanges and marketing are all available, if necessary, please contact the hotline privately......
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The software aims to make a positive contribution to the AI-generated media industry, helping artists with tasks such as character animation and clothing models.
We are aware of potential ethical concerns and have taken steps to prevent this software from being used for inappropriate content, such as nudity.
Users should abide by local laws and use the software responsibly. If using a real face, ask permission when sharing and clearly label deepfakes. The developer is not responsible for user actions.
Looking to swap a face in a video? Well, Roop is new AI software that lets you do that with only ONE image! The quality is relatively high, and perfect for compressed videos on Twitter, etc. Swap out a face (or faces) in a video with one click. This video also has a brand-new one-click installer to set everything up really quickly!
Roop GitHub: https://github.com/s0md3v/roop
We are aware of potential ethical concerns and have taken steps to prevent this software from being used for inappropriate content, such as nudity.
Users should abide by local laws and use the software responsibly. If using a real face, ask permission when sharing and clearly label deepfakes. The developer is not responsible for user actions.
Looking to swap a face in a video? Well, Roop is new AI software that lets you do that with only ONE image! The quality is relatively high, and perfect for compressed videos on Twitter, etc. Swap out a face (or faces) in a video with one click. This video also has a brand-new one-click installer to set everything up really quickly!
Roop GitHub: https://github.com/s0md3v/roop
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How to ensure asset safety?
When arriving at a decentralized wallet, one of the characteristics is that the user holds his own private key and mnemonic phrase, and has absolute control over the assets. This also means that the user needs to bear the sole responsibility for protecting the security of the assets. Therefore, users need to have sufficient security knowledge and prevention awareness, and take anti-lost, anti-theft and anti-fraud measures to ensure the safety of assets.
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On-chain transaction analysis
Can only slowly collect data and dig out how to analyze and test Teaching articles on Web3 security, helping more people to join Web3 security and create a secure network together. It will help you analyze the attack process and the cause of the vulnerability, and even how the arbitrage robot arbitrages! Tools such as Transaction Viewer are the most commonly used tools to help us visualize and list the process of function calls and the parameters each function brings in for the transaction Transaction we want to analyze. Transaction debugging tools:Phalcon | Tx.viewer | Cruise | Ethtx | Tenderly
OnChain Transaction Debugging: 2. Warm up
You need to install Foundry first, please refer to the instructions for the installation method. The test will mainly use Forge test. If you use Foundry for the first time, you can refer to Foundry book, Foundry @EthCC, WTF Solidity - Foundry Each chain has its own blockchain browser, Transaction Action: Input Data: The original Input data of the transaction, you can see what Function is called and what Value is brought in If you don’t know what are the commonly used tools, you can review the first lesson of trading analysis tools Chain transfer: From: The source wallet address that sent this transaction Interacted With (To): Tether USD (USDT) Contract ERC-20 Tokens Transferred: Transfer 651.13 USDT from user A's wallet to user B Input Data: Called transfer function From the point of view of phalcon: From the point of view of the calling process, there is only one Call USDT.transfer, and the attention should be paid to Value. Because EVM does not support floating-point operations, it uses the precision representative, and each Token must pay attention to its precision. The precision of the standard ERC-20 token is 18, but there are special cases, such as USDT, for example, the precision is 6, so the value brought into Value is 651130000, if the precision is not handled properly, it will easily cause problems. The precision query method can be seen on the Etherscan token contract. Uniswap Swap: Transaction Action: It is intuitive to know that the user performs Swap on Uniswap, exchanging 12,716 USDT for 7,118 UNDEAD. From:The source wallet address that sent this transaction Interacted With (To): This example is a MEV Bot contract calling Uniswap contract for Swap ERC-20 Tokens Transferred: Token exchange process Viewed through phalcon: MEV Bot calls the Uniswap V2 USDT/UNDEAD trading pair contract to call the swap message to perform token exchange. Use Foundry: to simulate the exchange of 1BTC for DAI in Uniswap, sample code reference, execute instructions// forge test --contracts ./src/test/Uniswapv2.sol -vvvv..by calling ///Uniswap_v2_router.swapExactTokensForTokens function, swap 1BTC to 16,788 DAI. Curve 3pool - DAI/USDC/USDT Curve 3pool increases liquidity From: The source wallet address that sent this transaction Interacted With (To): Curve.fi: DAI/USDC/USDT Pool ERC-20 Tokens Transferred: User A transfers 3,524,968.44 USDT to Curve 3 pool, and then Curve mints 3,447,897.54 3Crv tokens to User A. Seen through phalcon: From the perspective of the calling process, three steps are executed 1.add_liquidity 2.transferFrom 3.mint Compound proposal: A proposal was submitted on the Compound governance contract, and you can click Decode Input Data on Etherscan to see the content of the proposal. Through phalcon: Submit a proposal by calling the propose function to get the numbered proposal 44. Uniswap Flashswap We use Foundry to simulate operations to see how to use flash loans on Uniswap. The official Flash swap introduction: Sample code reference, execute the following command Take this example to borrow 100 WETH through the Uniswap UNI/WETH transaction swap, and then return it to Uniswap. Note that a 0.3% handling fee will be charged when repaying the loan.................................................... ................................... As can be seen from the calling process, call swap for flashswap and then repay through callback uniswapV2Call. Simply distinguish the difference between Flashloan and Flashswap. Both of them can lend Tokens without mortgage assets, and they need to be returned in the same block or the transaction will fail. If Flashloan lends token0 through token0/token1, it will cost Return token0 back, Flashswap lends token0 and can return token0 or token1, which is more flexible. For more basic DeFi operations, please refer to DeFiLabs Foundry cheatcodes Foundry's cheatcodes must be used when we do on-chain analysis. Here I will introduce the commonly used functions. For more information, please refer to Cheatcodes Reference createSelectFork: Specify which network and block height to copy for this test, note that the RPC of each chain should be written in foundry.toml deal: set test wallet balance Set ETH balance deal(address(this), 3 ether); Set Token balance deal(address(USDC), address(this), 1 * 1e18); prank: Simulate the identity of the specified wallet, only valid in the next call, the next msg.sender is the wallet specified by the club, for example, use the giant whale wallet to transfer startPrank: simulate the specified wallet identity, before stopPrank() is executed, all msg.sender will be the specified wallet address label: Label the wallet address to improve readability when using Foundry debug roll: adjust block height warp: adjust block.timestamp Is it important to learn to write a Reproduce PoC? DeFiHackLabs expects more people to pay attention to Web3 security and contribute to a secure network when an attack occurs. As Party A, exercise the ability to respond to incidents. As Party B, exercise your threat research and analysis skills and bug bounty writing PoC skills to get more competitive bounty remuneration. Help the blue team to better tune the machine learning model, Forta Network. Compared with reading the post-mortem report of a security agency, writing Reproduce yourself can give you a deeper understanding of hackers' attack ideas. Exercise Solidity programming familiarity, the blockchain is essentially a huge public database. What you will need before learning to write a Reproduce PoC To understand common smart contract vulnerabilities, refer to DeFiVulnLabs for practice. Learn about the DeFi infrastructure and how smart contracts interact with each other. Price oracle principle In the blockchain world, the state variables and parameters of smart contracts are isolated from the world, and smart contracts cannot be self-started like traditional fat applications, and they can capture price information through APIs by themselves. There are usually two methods for smart contracts to obtain external data: There is an entity EOA, which actively feeds prices. Using oracles means "referring to the parameters stored in a smart contract as price feed information". Example: I have a loan contract, it wants to get the price of ETH to judge whether the borrower's position can be liquidated, how can I do it? Example; the price of ETH is an external source. If the loan contract wants to obtain ETH price information, it can obtain ETH price information from Uniswap V2. x * y = k In the AMM algorithm, the price of x tokens = k / y. Therefore, to get the price of ETH, you can find the Uniswap V2 WETH/USDC trading pair contract: 0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc. UniV2PairInfo Token reserves for this contract: WETH: 33,906.6145928 coins USDC: 42,346,768.252804 coins Applying the x * y = k formula, you can know the price of each ETH corresponding to USDC: 42,346,768.252804 / 33,906.6145928 = 1248.9235 (There is a slight gap, which usually represents transaction fee income or someone accidentally transferred tokens, which can be taken away by skim()) Therefore, the arbitrage contract obtains the price of ETH, and the Solidity Pseudocode can be roughly understood as: uint256 UniV2_ETH_Reserve = WETH.balanceOf(0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc); uint256 UniV2_USDC_Reserve = USDC.balanceOf(0xb4e16d0168e52d35cacd2c6185b44281ec28c9dc); uint256 ETH_Price = UniV2_USDC_Reserve / UniV2_ETH_Reserve; Please note that this way of writing is easy to manipulate the price of the oracle, please do not do this in the production environment. To learn more about the principle of the Uniswap V2 algorithm, it is recommended to refer to the Smart Contract Programmer teaching video. To learn more about the principle of price oracle manipulation, it is recommended to refer to the WTFSolidity teaching article. Real-world price manipulation cases Most attack scenarios are: Swap the price oracle address Root Cause: Lack of authentication mechanism for privileged operations Case: Rikkei Finance The attacker uses flash loans to instantly drain the liquidity of the oracle machine, allowing the victim contract to obtain abnormal price information. This vulnerability is often exploited in key functions such as GetPrice, Swap, StackingReward, and Transfer(with burn fee). Root cause: The project party used an insecure oracle, or did not realize the TWAP time-weighted average price. Case: One Ring Finance Tips: When conducting Code Review, it is best to pay attention to whether the use of balanceOf() is rigorous enough. Writing PoC - Taking EGD Finance as an Example Step1: Information gathering When an attack occurs, Twitter is usually the main battlefield for security analysts, and various bigwigs will post their latest findings on the attack on Twitter. Tips: Join the DeFiHackLabs Discord security-alert channel to receive instant news from various DeFi security leaders! When the attack first happened, there must be all kinds of chaos, first find a file and sort out the information you found! Transaction ID Attacker Address (EOA) Attack Contract Address Vulnerable Address Total Loss Reference Links Post-mortem Links Vulnerable snippets Audit History Tips: It is recommended to use the Exploit-Template.sol template provided by DeFiHackLabs. Step2: Transaction Debugging According to past observations, about 12 hours after the attack, usually more than 90% of the analysis of the attack event has been sorted out by various sources of information. At this time, manual transaction analysis is not too difficult. Use EGD Finance as a teaching example because: Readers can learn about the risks of price oracle manipulation in a real environment Readers can understand how attackers profit from price manipulation Readers can learn how flash loans work by the way The attacker only uses one Transaction to complete the attack, there is no complicated pre-action, and the Reproduce is relatively simple Let's use the Phalcon tool developed by Blocksec to analyze the EGD Finance attack event and analyze the links. Phalcon Overview In Ethereum Virtual Machine, you will see three calling methods: Call: A general cross-contract function call method, which usually changes the storage of the called contract. StaticCall: Static call, which will not change the storage of the called contract, is an operation of reading state variables across contracts. DelegateCall: delegate call, msg.sender will not change, usually used in Proxy proxy mode, detailed description can refer to WTFSolidity tutorial. Note that Internal Function Call is not visible. Flash loan attack routines are usually: Confirm the balance that can be borrowed from the DEX, and confirm that the victim contract has enough balance to make the attacker profitable This means there will be some Static Calls in the first half of Tx Call lending function to receive flash loan from DEX or Landing Protocol Focus: Look for the following Function Call UniswapV2, Pancakeswap: .swap() Balancer: flashLoan() DODO: .flashloan() AAVE: .flashLoan() The lending platform calls back the attacker's contract Focus: Look for the following Function Call UniswapV2: .uniswapV2Call() Pancakeswap: .Pancakeswap() Balancer: .receiveFlashLoan() DODO: .DXXFlashLoanCall() AAVE: .executeOperation() The attacker interacts with the victim contract and exploits the vulnerability for profit Flash loan repayment Active repayment Set approve, let the lending platform use transferFrom() to take the loan. Small exercise: Can you locate the various stages of the EGD Finance Exploit Transaction? Try to find where flash loans, callbacks, exploits, profit taking are. Expand Level: 3 https://phalcon.blocksec.com/tx/bsc/0x50da0b1b6e34bce59769157df769eb45fa11efc7d0e292900d6b0a86ae66a2b3 TryToDecodeFromYourEyes Tips: In actual combat, when you can’t sort out the attack logic of the entire Transaction, you can try to copy the attacker’s CALL footprint step by step from the very beginning, take more notes, and then go back and sort out the attacker’s thinking. answer So far, we have a preliminary outline of the attack Tx, let us complete a part of the Reproduce Code based on the existing findings: Step1. Complete the fixtures Step2. Simulate the attacker calling the harvest function Step3. Complete part of the attack contract Let's move on to analyzing the key exploit parts... We can see that in the exploit part, the attacker called Pancakeswap.swap() again, which seems to be a second-layer flash loan: Flashloan2 You may wonder: Pancakeswap calls back the attacker’s contract through the .pancakeCall() interface. How does the attacker execute different code logic in the two callbacks? The key lies in the first flash loan, the callbackData brought into the attack contract is 0x0000 FlashloanCallbackData1 For the second flash loan, the callbackData brought into the attack contract is 0x00 FlashloanCallbackData2 In this way, the attack contract only needs to judge whether the _data parameter is 0x0000 or 0x00 to execute different code logic. Let us continue to analyze the execution logic of the callback of the second layer flash loan. In the callback of the second layer flash loan, the attacker interacts with EGD Finance and only calls the claimAllReward() function: Call Claim Reward Expand claimAllReward(), you will find that EGD Finance just read the EGD Token balance and USDT balance of 0xa361-Cake-LP, and transferred a large amount of EGD Token to the attack contract! Claim Reward Details What is 0xa361-Cake-LP contract? Let's analyze the claimAllReward() function to see where the hole is. Claim Reward Code We can find that the number of Staking Rewards a user receives depends on the reward factor quota (representing how many tokens the user has staked and how long the stake has been held) multiplied by the current EGD Token price of getEGDPrice(). That is to say, the EGD Staking Reward given by the contract will give more or less Token quantity according to the current EGD Token market price. When the EGD Token price is higher, the EGD Token quantity given is less. , the more EGD Tokens will be given. Let's follow up the getEGDPrice() function to analyze the price feeding mechanism: getEGD Price It can be seen that the price feeding mechanism uses the formula x * y = k, just as we described in the introduction to the principle of price oracles. The pair address is 0xa361-Cake-LP, which can be paired with the two sets of STATICCALL we saw in Tx View. getEGD Price_Static So specifically, how did the attacker use this insecure price reference for price manipulation? The principle is that the attacker lends USDT to the EGD/USDT Pair in the second layer of flash loan; before the attacker repays the loan, the price information obtained by getEGDPrice() will be incorrect. PriceManipulationGraph Summary: The attacker used flash loans to drain the liquidity of the price oracle, making ClaimReward() obtain incorrect price references, and then allowing the attacker to receive an abnormally large amount of EGD Token. calldataload mainly reads 32bytes in calldata ~It can be simply interpreted as: Contract B reads the calldata from contract A by using CALLDATALOAD from offset 0x10 (16bytes). A comprehensive introduction to all things blockchain
This course will give you a full introduction into all of the core concepts related to blockchain, smart contracts, Solidity, ERC20s, full-stack Web3 dapps, decentralized finance (DeFi), Chainlink, Ethereum, upgradable smart contracts, DAOs, aave, IPFS, and more. Follow along with the videos and you'll be a blockchain wizard in no time! This is lessons 0 - 6 🦊 Part 1, Lesson 0 - 6: • Learn Solidity, Blockchain Developmen... 🐶 Part 2, Lesson 7 - 11: • Learn Solidity, Blockchain Developmen... 🌋 Part 3, Lesson 12 - 15: • Learn Solidity, Blockchain Developmen... 🐸 Web3Education.dev: https://web3education.dev/ 💻 Code, resources, and support forum: https://github.com/Cyfrin/foundry-ful... Please reference the repo for anything you need, and feel free to leave issues and participate in the discussions. ⭐️ (0:00:00) | Lesson 0 | Welcome to the Course ⭐️ (0:13:54) | Lesson 1 | Blockchain Basics ⭐️ (2:10:42) | Lesson 2 | Welcome to Remix - Simple Storage ⭐️ (3:29:58) | Lesson 3 | Storage Factory ⭐️ (4:09:08) | Lesson 4 | Fund Me ⭐️ (6:00:00) | Lesson 5 | AI Prompting ⭐️ (6:22:58) | Lesson 6 | Foundry Simple Storage Special thanks to @CyfrinAudits for sponsoring this video! ✅✅ Donate ✅✅ I use donated funds to spend money on making fun & informational videos. ETH/Arbitrum/Polygon/EVM Chains Wallet address: 0x9680201d9c93d65a3603d2088d125e955c73BD65 😸😸Follow Patrick!😸😸 Cyfrin: https://www.cyfrin.io/ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@PatrickAlpha... Twitter: https://twitter.com/patrickalphac Medium: https://medium.com/@patrickalphac TikTok: https://www.tiktok.com/@patrickalphac Twitch Stream Uploads & Shorts: / @patrickalphac-alt All thoughts and opinions are my own. A comprehensive introduction to all things blockchain
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Unofficial Android APK downloads, these 7 sites are relatively safer and more reliable!
For users of Android phones and tablets, if they need to install an APP, they have to go to the official Google Play store to obtain it. However, in fact, the Android platform also allows users to install it through application package files (APK, Android Package Kit). For example, Android phones in mainland China do not have GMS (Google Mobile Services), so you have to rely on third-party application stores or find APKs yourself. You may be interested in this… §Buy 3C at Shopee, with more choices and better prices! §Office software is the cheapest in the store with discount starting from 3.8%! Office and operating systems are on sale at the lowest price for a limited time! §Buy Kaspersky, the most powerful security protection software, here, enter the discount code "AXIANG" at checkout to enjoy a 10% discount! § Come here to buy toys for adults and children! Buy popular items at once! §High-speed, stable, and free circumvention: Nord VPN offers 36% off and three months free In addition, some applications are limited to downloads in specific countries and regions, or they were once on the shelves and then removed. If you want to use them, you can only install them through APK. In addition, some Android devices do not have built-in Google Play services, or cannot download specific applications due to device restrictions (for example, the Android TV projector that Axiang recently bought cannot download Netflix), so you have to rely on APK to install new applications. Programmed. The projector I bought recently cannot install Netflix from Google Play. I can only find the available version from the APK download site. Foreign media makeuseof has compiled seven more reliable APK download websites for friends in need to refer to! 1.APKMirror APKMirror, run by the Android information station Android Police team, is a very well-known APK download site. It has been in business for a long time, and the staff will conduct reliability verification before releasing APKs. There are also encrypted signatures for applications similar to developers to ensure that they are from the same developer. If the version does not meet the conditions, it will not be put on the shelf. At the same time, there will be no modified, pirated or originally paid APKs. 2.APKPure The website launched almost at the same time as APKMirror also has the same program verification program to ensure that the APKs listed are safe and virus-free, and uses SHA1 to verify the legitimacy of the application. It also has a list of old versions of each program, and you can select old versions of the application to install at any time. . 3.APK Downloader It is also a very well-known APK download website, and the APK sources are also from the official store of Google Play. There is no risk in terms of security, and you can easily obtain applications that are listed on Google Play but cannot be downloaded. There is no program list on the APK Downloader page. It simply provides a search function by "application package name" to find the application you want! 4.Aptode It is also a popular service in the APK download function. We can download various APKs through the application of the same name. It has accumulated more than 200 million users and has been downloaded more than 6 billion times. 5.APKMonk It is also the APK application download point used by many people, especially game applications. For friends who like to play mobile games, you can see the popular games in the main section of the page. 6--Robot F-Droid is a third-party APK download website that specializes in free open source (FOSS) applications for Android. This makes it an excellent choice for anyone concerned about privacy. F-Droid is completely transparent about what you get when you download. It lists each app's so-called "anti-features," which can include advertising, tracking, and even potential security issues. 7-APKBe, formerly known as APKHere, is the best APK site for foreign language APKs not available in the default Google Play Store in your region. Of course, there's plenty of English content for you to dig into, but you'll also find German APKs, Chinese APKs, Russian APKs, and more. |
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